Messenger RNA (mRNA) vaccines have emerged as a powerful tool in the fight against infectious diseases, most notably COVID-19. Now, researchers are turning their attention to harnessing the potential of mRNA vaccines to treat cancer. mRNA vaccines are a type of vaccine that uses messenger RNA to instruct cells to produce a protein similar to the virus, triggering an immune response without using live virus particles. This innovative approach could revolutionise cancer therapy by stimulating the immune system to target and destroy cancer cells.

How mRNA vaccines could break new ground with powerful, personalised treatment

Traditional cancer vaccines have faced challenges in effectively activating the immune system. However, mRNA vaccines can be modified to target multiple tumour antigens, enhancing their ability to elicit a broad and potent immune response.

These vaccines can be rapidly designed and produced given that mRNA vaccines only require the genetic sequence of the target antigen, which can be quickly determined once the pathogen is identified. Traditional vaccines often involve growing the virus or bacteria in cultures, which can be time-consuming.,

Furthermore, mRNA vaccines offer the potential for personalised cancer treatment. By sequencing the DNA of a patient’s tumour, researchers can identify unique tumour antigens and design mRNA vaccines that specifically target these antigens. This personalised approach may lead to more effective treatments.

Early trial results suggest an exciting potential

In recent years, numerous clinical trials have explored the use of mRNA vaccines for various cancers, including melanoma, lung cancer and prostate cancer. These trials have shown promising results, demonstrating the ability of mRNA vaccines to induce strong immune responses and shrink tumours.

One of the key challenges in developing mRNA vaccines for cancer is ensuring their delivery to the appropriate immune cells. Researchers are investigating various delivery methods, such as lipid nanoparticles and viral vectors, to improve the efficiency and specificity of mRNA delivery. Additionally, combining mRNA vaccines with other immunotherapies, such as checkpoint inhibitors, may further enhance their therapeutic potential.

The road ahead – more research, with government support

The Australian Government has recently awarded more than $19 million to six research projects that use mRNA to find vaccines to treat cancer (as well as prevent and treat urinary tract infections).